Prof. Dr. Lothar Ledderose

For details please see the comprehensive bibliography.

Selected Publications

Books and Edited Volumes
	Buddhist Stone Sutras in China. Sichuan Province Volume 4 Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz 2018. Edited by Martin Bemmann and Hua Sun Check availability in HEIDI Table of Content Abstract The fourth volume on the engraved Buddhists texts in the Grove of the Reclining Buddha (Wofoyuan), Sichuan, presents section D with two sutra caves. In cave 59, which boasts an exquisite ornamentation, the enormous Nirvana Sutra begins, only interrupted by two meditation texts. The Sutra continues in cave 66 with ca. 65,000 characters. All engravings are fully reproduced in detailed high quality photographs of the cave walls and of ink rubbings. The texts are transcribed for the first time, with notes on textual variants and variant characters. The book is in Chinese and English throughout. Essays focus on new insights about this treasure trove. In a brilliant art historical analysis, Jessica Rawson shows that cave 59 is a reliquary seen from inside; Mark L. Blum gives a detailed appraisal of the Nirvana Sutra and its significance at the Grove; Eric M. Greene aptly places the two meditation texts in cave 59 into the history of early Chan Buddhism in China; Ryan Richard Overbey discusses the history, the versions, and the import of the Sutra on the Profound Kindness of Parents. Translations from the Sutra on the Ten Wheels and from the Scripture on the Secret Essentials of Meditation are provided. In his introduction, series editor Lothar Ledderose discusses the significance of the precinct. With its colossal sculpture of the Buddha as he enters nirvana at the northern side of the valley, and the colossal Nirvana Sutra engraved on its southern side, the Grove is one of the great Buddhist sites in Asia and a unique monument in coming to terms with death.
	Buddhist Stone Sutras in China. Shandong Province Volume 3 Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz 2017. Edited by Sueyling Tsai and Yongbo Wang Check availability in HEIDI Table of Content Abstract The third volume of the five-volume series on Buddhist stone sutras in Shandong presents inscriptions on all mountains in Shandong other than those near Lake Dongping (volume 1) and the city of Zoucheng (volume 2), with the exception of Taishan (to be covered in volume 4). The northernmost entry in this volume is a lost inscription (ca. 526) once situated among the sculptures at Yellow Stone Cliff, south of Jinan. Zheng Yan analyzes the art historical significance of this site. Inscriptions under the open sky occur elsewhere at Mount Culai (dated 570), Mount Fenghuang (ca. 563 and 921), Mount Shuiniu (ca. 560), Mount Tao (second half, 6th c.), and Mount Long (second half, 6th c.), this last site discovered only in 2008. Lost inscriptions on Mounts Jian (dated 575), Yang (second half, 6th c.), and Ziyang (second half, 6th c.; here identified for the first time) have been reconstructed based on extant rubbings, epigraphic literature, and archaeological evidence. While “Perfection of Wisdom” now emerges as the key doctrinal concept in the Shandong mountains, the names of Buddhas, of which “Buddha King of Great Emptiness” is especially conspicuous, engender visions of cosmic time and space. All engravings are fully documented with photographs and rubbings; they are transcribed, translated into English, and analyzed. This research has been conducted under the auspices of the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften by an international team led by Lothar Ledderose and supported by the cultural authorities in China. The volumes, bilingual in Chinese and English, address a wide audience.
	Buddhist Stone Sutras in China. Shaanxi Province Volume 1 Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz 2016. Edited by Lothar Ledderose and Rong Zhao Check availability in HEIDI Table of Content Abstract The first volume of the three-volume series on Buddhist stone sutras in Shaanxi presents the engravings on the east wall of the Jinchuanwan cave. With almost 160,000 characters, this cave is the one with the largest amount of texts in China. From 2007 to 2012 the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics Protection restored the cave in cooperation with the Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege. The cave was built in the 660s by followers of the Three Levels School. The school was suppressed soon thereafter and its texts fell into oblivion in China. Texts by the school’s patriarch Xinxing (540–594) are only preserved by chance, as it were, in the far west in the caves at Dunhuang and in Japan. Two major texts have now been added to this corpus in Jinchuanwan cave, which were completely unknown so far; they were only discovered in the 1990s. In total, the cave contains four of Xinxing’s texts. His three texts on the East wall are here presented for the first time, and the two major ones are translated into English and analyzed in a separate essay. In addition to the texts themselves, the restoration of the Jinchuanwan cave is presented as well as the history of the Three Levels School with its major figures, teachings and material remains. All texts are transcribed and fully documented with photographs and rubbings. This research has been conducted under the auspices of the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften by an international team led by Lothar Ledderose and supported by the cultural authorities in China. The volumes, bilingual in Chinese and English, address a wide audience.
	Buddhist Stone Sutras in China. Sichuan Province Volume 3 Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz 2016. Edited by Hua Sun and Claudia Wenzel Check availability in HEIDI Table of Content Abstract The third volume on the inscriptions carved in cave chapels at the Grove of the Reclining Buddha (Wofoyuan) in Anyue County, Sichuan, presents the earliest and central section of the precinct. Cave 46, which boasts a unique architecture, contains eight sutras carved in their entirety or in parts, and two dhāraṇī spells. As in former volumes, all engravings are fully reproduced in detailed high quality photographs of the cave walls and of ink rubbings. The texts are transcribed for the first time, with a scholarly apparatus noting textual variants and variant characters in the calligraphy. Essays highlight the significance of particular text versions and point out unexpected insights in this treasure store of texts. They are: Jingtai’s Catalog of All Canonical Scriptures (T#2148; essay by Stefano Zacchetti); scroll 22 of the Great Parinirvāṇa Sutra (T#374); the apocryphal Sutra on the Wisdom Stored in the Ocean of Buddha-nature (T#2885; essay by Chen Frederick Shih-Chung); the Diamond Sutra (T#235); the Sutra of the Glorious Buddha Crown Dhāraṇī and the Spell of the Glorious Buddha Crown Dhāraṇī (T#967; essay by Manuel Sassmann and Tsai Suey-Ling); the apocryphal Sutra Spoken by the Buddha on the Perfection of Wisdom in the Sutras (essay by Ryan Richard Overbey and English translation); the Amitābha Sutra (T#366; essay by Claudia Wenzel); the Spell Spoken by Buddha Amitābha (T#369; essay by Tsai Suey-ling and Claudia Wenzel). An essay by Martin Bemmann is dedicated to an exquisitely carved life-prolonging banner and its ritual uses. Lothar Ledderose introduces the volume. The book is in Chinese and English throughout.
	Buddhist Stone Sutras in China. Shandong Province Volume 2 Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz 2015. Edited by Lothar Ledderose, Yongbo Wang and Claudia Wenzel Check availability in HEIDI Table of Content Abstract The second volume on Buddhist stone sutras in Shandong presents the extant inscriptions on the four mountains around the city of Zoucheng: Mount Yi (564 and before 572), Mount Tie (579), Mount Ge (580), and Mount Gang (580). The studies of these inscriptions began in the late 18th century. The history of this scholarly enterprise is discussed in the introductory essay by Lothar Ledderose, “Epigraphers in Zoucheng”. The inscription of 564 with key passage from the Sutra on the Great Perfection of Wisdom Spoken by Mañjuśrī on the peak of Mount Yi was only discovered in the 1990s, and its colophon in 2002. A colophon to the same passage engraved further down the mountain names Hulü Wudu of the Northern Qi, probably a Xianbei, who was executed in 572. On Mount Tie a passage from the Great Collection Sutra is carved in the shape of a stele, more than 50 meters high. Its colophon, entitled Stone Hymn, is with a height of 17 meters the largest in China. It is also remarkable for its discussion of the aesthetics of calligraphy. Engraved on Mount Ge is a passage from the Vimalakirti Sutra. The inscriptions on Mount Gang are unique in being distributed over more than thirty cliffs and boulders. The passage describes the enchanting scenery on Mount Malaya, where the Buddha preached the Lankavatara Sutra to a great assembly. Pilgrims read the full text, as they climb the mountain. All texts are fully documented in photographs and rubbings; they are transcribed and translated into English. The volume is in Chinese and English The research team, led by Lothar Ledderose, includes a group at the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, and specialists from China, Japan, Europe, and America.
	Buddhist Stone Sutras in China. Sichuan Province Volume 2 Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz 2015. Edited by Lothar Ledderose, Hua Sun and Sueyling Tsai Check availability in HEIDI Table of Content Abstract The Buddhist sutra inscriptions in cave chapels at the Grove of the Reclining Buddha (Wofoyuan) are almost unknown outside China. This second volume on the site presents the sutras in caves 29 and 33. Engraved in cave 29 are four of the twelve chapters of the Sutra on the Names of the Buddhas (T#440). Differing from woodblock printed versions, the task of the carvers is here indicated by recording the numbers of names that they accomplished. Engraved in cave 33 are scrolls 11 and 12 of the Consecration Sutra (T#1331), the Dhāraṇī Sutra of the Six Gates (T#1360), the Deathbed Injunction Sutra (T#389), the Sutra on Renouncing the Householder’s Life (T#202), and the Diamond Sutra (T#235). These text versions offer completely new insights into Buddhist scriptural transmission and practice. The engravings are fully reproduced in detailed high quality photographs. All engraved texts are transcribed for the first time. The scholarly apparatus notes textual variants and variant characters in the calligraphy. A conspicuous common feature of all texts in the two caves is their performative character and their liturgical use. Death is a common theme, as it is powerfully enacted and made visible in the giant sculpture of the Reclining Buddha directly opposite the two caves. The individual sutras are analyzed in separate essays. Annotated English translations are provided for the Dhāraṇī Sutra of the Six Gates and the Sutra on Renouncing the Householder’s Life. The volume is in Chinese and English.
	Buddhist Stone Sutras in China. Sichuan Province Volume 1 Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz 2014. Edited by Lothar Ledderose and Hua Sun awarded the Toshihide Numata Book Prize in Buddhism 2015 Check availability in HEIDI Table of Content Abstract This volume dedicated to the Buddhist stone sutras in China is the first one on the sites in Sichuan Province. These monuments are all but unknown outside of China. Characteristic for Sichuan are cave chapels hewn out of red sandstone cliffs, each containing tens of thousands of characters. The volume presents the Grove of the Reclining Buddha (Wofoyuan) in Anyue County, where more than a hundred caves have been identified. In spite of the magnificence of this extraordinary site, few people have ever visited the valley, and almost nothing has been published about it. Sichuan 1 contains maps and extensive photographs and it concentrates on two 8th-century cave chapels in particular. Engraved in their walls are about 71000 characters of the Lotus Sutra, the most treasured scripture in Buddhism. Here, this text version is recorded for first time. The engravings are fully reproduced in high-quality photographs and in ink rubbings, and the scholarly apparatus of the transcription notes variant characters in the text and in the calligraphy. The research team led by Lothar Ledderose consists of a group at the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften and specialists from Peking University as well as from the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology at Chengdu. Stephen F. Teiser of Princeton contributes an essay with a wide ranging and contextual interpretation of the Lotus Sutra at the site. The volume is bilingual in Chinese and English and directed at a wide audience.
	Buddhist Stone Sutras in China. Shandong Province Volume 1 Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz 2014. Edited by Lothar Ledderose and Yongbo Wang Check availability in HEIDI Table of Content Abstract This is the first volume of an extensive series dedicated to the Buddhist stone sutras carved into stone in several Chinese provinces. The sutra texts in Shandong, dating from about 560 to 580, were cut into bare rock under the open sky. These little-known monuments are a major chapter in the history of art, in the Buddhist textual tradition, and in landscape design. The volume presents startling scripts on precipitous cliffs and massive boulders both in photographs taken at the sites and in rubbings made in ink. Not only does this corpus offer major religious texts, but it also makes available almost unknown calligraphic achievements. Among them are names of Buddhas, up to nine meters high, that were only discovered in the 1990s. All texts at a particular site, including the passages from the Buddhist sutras and the later colophons, have been completely documented, translated and analyzed. They shed new light on an exciting period in Chinese history, when the Middle Kingdom was intimately engaged with Inner Asia and even India. The foreign religion, which brought the anthropomorphic pantheon to China, manifests itself here in the quintessential Chinese medium of calligraphy. The research has been conducted by an international team led by the renowned scholar Professor Lothar Ledderose and supported by the Cultural Authorities in China. The volumes, bilingual in Chinese and English, are directed at a wide audience. They are jointly published by Harrassowitz and the China Art Academy in Hangzhou.
	Ten Thousand Things. Module and Mass Production in Chinese Art Princeton, Princeton University Press 2000. Verfasst von Lothar Ledderose Check availability in HEIDI